Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the brain alterations in epileptic patients and normal adults in order to help differential diagnosis using volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: The study case group included 11 subjects, 6 patients of whom with focal and secondary generalized seizures and 5 of whom were healthy people as a control group. Measurements and evaluations of the brain important regions were performed with volbrain software within 4 different pipelines. Results: Statistical results showed that the significant quantitative assessments were observed in the areas as follows: right Hippocampus (P-value<0. 05), right cerebellar (P-value<0. 1), thalamus Asymmetry (P-value<0. 1), right CA1 (P-value<0. 1), left SR-SL-SM (P-value<0. 1), right subiculum (P-value<0. 1), left cerebellum cortical thickness (P-value<0. 05) and some cerebellar lobules. Conclusion: Structural MRI demonstrated significant brain alterations in epileptic subjects comparing normal adults. Assessment of brain lesions did not show any defect in brain which implies that patients have disappearing lesions caused by seizures. Significant quantitative assessments were shown in the right lobule III, lobule IX mean cortical thickness, right cerebellum grey matter, right hippocampus and right cerebellar areas.

Background/Objectives: The structural changes of brain (cerebral and lateral ventricles volumes) in schizophrenia are controversial. This is partly due to the heterogenicity of the schizophrenia subtypes. In this study we compared the changes in the volumes of cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles in 3 subtypes of schizophrenia (paranoid, undifferentiated and residual) with normal controls.Materials and Methods: 29 schizophrenia patients (21 men, 8 women) of 3 subtypes of paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual (according to DMS-IV criteria) were compared with 29 age- and gender-matched normal controls. All cases and controls underwent 3-D brain MRI of full coronal series, 1.5 mm slices without interslice gaps. The hemispheres and lateral ventricles were outlined and their volumes were calculated using Cavalieri’s Principle. The results were statistically analyzed.Results: The brain was slightly but insignificantly smaller in the schizophrenia patients. Only the residual subtype showed a significant reduction in cerebral and hemispheric volumes than controls (p<0.05). The volumes of right and left ventricle, separately and together were larger than controls (p<0.03). The ventricle-to-brain ratios (VBRs) were greater in the cases (p<0.05). The paranoid subtype patients had larger ventricles and VBRs than controls (p<0.05). The lateral ventricle volumes and VBRs in the undifferentiated subtype were similar to the controls. In the residual subtypes, the ventricular volumes were similar to and the VBRs were larger than controls (p<0.05).Conclusion: Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder regarding its symptoms and neuropathological changes. The patterns of change in the cerebral and ventricular volumes differed in the studied 3 subtypes.